Table utility commands

Delta tables support a number of utility commands.

Remove files no longer referenced by a Delta table

You can remove files no longer referenced by a Delta table and are older than the retention threshold by running the vacuum command on the table. vacuum is not triggered automatically. The default retention threshold for the files is 7 days. To change this behavior, see Data retention.

Important

• vacuum deletes only data files, not log files. Log files are deleted automatically and asynchronously after checkpoint operations. The default retention period of log files is 30 days, configurable through the delta.logRetentionDuration property which you set with the ALTER TABLE SET TBLPROPERTIES SQL method. See Table properties.
• The ability to time travel back to a version older than the retention period is lost after running vacuum.

Note

When the Delta cache is enabled, a cluster might contain data from Parquet files that have been deleted with vacuum. Therefore, it may be possible to query the data of previous table versions whose files have been deleted. Restarting the cluster will remove the cached data. See Configure the Delta cache.

VACUUM eventsTable   -- vacuum files not required by versions older than the default retention period

VACUUM '/data/events' -- vacuum files in path-based table

VACUUM delta.`/data/events/`

VACUUM delta.`/data/events/` RETAIN 100 HOURS  -- vacuum files not required by versions more than 100 hours old

VACUUM eventsTable DRY RUN    -- do dry run to get the list of files to be deleted

For Spark SQL syntax details, see

• Databricks Runtime 7.x and above: VACUUM
• Databricks Runtime 5.5 LTS and 6.x: _

Note

The Python API is available in Databricks Runtime 6.1 and above.

from delta.tables import *

deltaTable = DeltaTable.forPath(spark, pathToTable)  # path-based tables, or
deltaTable = DeltaTable.forName(spark, tableName)    # Hive metastore-based tables

deltaTable.vacuum()        # vacuum files not required by versions older than the default retention period

deltaTable.vacuum(100)     # vacuum files not required by versions more than 100 hours old

Note

The Scala API is available in Databricks Runtime 6.0 and above.

import io.delta.tables._

val deltaTable = DeltaTable.forPath(spark, pathToTable)

deltaTable.vacuum()        // vacuum files not required by versions older than the default retention period

deltaTable.vacuum(100)     // vacuum files not required by versions more than 100 hours old

Note

The Java API is available in Databricks Runtime 6.0 and above.

import io.delta.tables.*;
import org.apache.spark.sql.functions;

DeltaTable deltaTable = DeltaTable.forPath(spark, pathToTable);

deltaTable.vacuum();        // vacuum files not required by versions older than the default retention period

deltaTable.vacuum(100);     // vacuum files not required by versions more than 100 hours old

See the Delta Lake API reference for Scala, Java, and Python syntax details.

Warning

Databricks recommends that you set a retention interval to be at least 7 days, because old snapshots and uncommitted files can still be in use by concurrent readers or writers to the table. If VACUUM cleans up active files, concurrent readers can fail or, worse, tables can be corrupted when VACUUM deletes files that have not yet been committed. You must choose an interval that is longer than the longest running concurrent transaction and the longest period that any stream can lag behind the most recent update to the table.

Delta Lake has a safety check to prevent you from running a dangerous VACUUM command. If you are certain that there are no operations being performed on this table that take longer than the retention interval you plan to specify, you can turn off this safety check by setting the Spark configuration property spark.databricks.delta.retentionDurationCheck.enabled to false.

Audit information

VACUUM commits to the Delta transaction log contain audit information. You can query the audit events using DESCRIBE HISTORY.

Retrieve Delta table history

You can retrieve information on the operations, user, timestamp, and so on for each write to a Delta table by running the history command. The operations are returned in reverse chronological order. By default table history is retained for 30 days.

DESCRIBE HISTORY '/data/events/'          -- get the full history of the table

DESCRIBE HISTORY delta.`/data/events/`

DESCRIBE HISTORY '/data/events/' LIMIT 1  -- get the last operation only

DESCRIBE HISTORY eventsTable

For Spark SQL syntax details, see

• Databricks Runtime 7.x and above: DESCRIBE HISTORY (Delta Lake on Databricks)
• Databricks Runtime 5.5 LTS and 6.x: _

Note

The Python API is available in Databricks Runtime 6.1 and above.

from delta.tables import *

deltaTable = DeltaTable.forPath(spark, pathToTable)

fullHistoryDF = deltaTable.history()    # get the full history of the table

lastOperationDF = deltaTable.history(1) # get the last operation

Note

The Scala API is available in Databricks Runtime 6.0 and above.

import io.delta.tables._

val deltaTable = DeltaTable.forPath(spark, pathToTable)

val fullHistoryDF = deltaTable.history()    // get the full history of the table

val lastOperationDF = deltaTable.history(1) // get the last operation

Note

The Java API is available in Databricks Runtime 6.0 and above.

import io.delta.tables.*;

DeltaTable deltaTable = DeltaTable.forPath(spark, pathToTable);

DataFrame fullHistoryDF = deltaTable.history();       // get the full history of the table

DataFrame lastOperationDF = deltaTable.history(1);    // fetch the last operation on the DeltaTable

See the Delta Lake API reference for Scala/Java/Python syntax details.

History schema

The output of the history operation has the following columns.

Column	Type	Description
version	long	Table version generated by the operation.
timestamp	timestamp	When this version was committed.
userId	string	ID of the user that ran the operation.
userName	string	Name of the user that ran the operation.
operation	string	Name of the operation.
operationParameters	map	Parameters of the operation (for example, predicates.)
job	struct	Details of the job that ran the operation.
notebook	struct	Details of notebook from which the operation was run.
clusterId	string	ID of the cluster on which the operation ran.
readVersion	long	Version of the table that was read to perform the write operation.
isolationLevel	string	Isolation level used for this operation.
isBlindAppend	boolean	Whether this operation appended data.
operationMetrics	map	Metrics of the operation (for example, number of rows and files modified.)
userMetadata	string	User-defined commit metadata if it was specified

+-------+-------------------+------+--------+---------+--------------------+----+--------+---------+-----------+-----------------+-------------+--------------------+
|version|          timestamp|userId|userName|operation| operationParameters| job|notebook|clusterId|readVersion|   isolationLevel|isBlindAppend|    operationMetrics|
+-------+-------------------+------+--------+---------+--------------------+----+--------+---------+-----------+-----------------+-------------+--------------------+
|      5|2019-07-29 14:07:47|   ###|     ###|   DELETE|[predicate -> ["(...|null|     ###|      ###|          4|WriteSerializable|        false|[numTotalRows -> ...|
|      4|2019-07-29 14:07:41|   ###|     ###|   UPDATE|[predicate -> (id...|null|     ###|      ###|          3|WriteSerializable|        false|[numTotalRows -> ...|
|      3|2019-07-29 14:07:29|   ###|     ###|   DELETE|[predicate -> ["(...|null|     ###|      ###|          2|WriteSerializable|        false|[numTotalRows -> ...|
|      2|2019-07-29 14:06:56|   ###|     ###|   UPDATE|[predicate -> (id...|null|     ###|      ###|          1|WriteSerializable|        false|[numTotalRows -> ...|
|      1|2019-07-29 14:04:31|   ###|     ###|   DELETE|[predicate -> ["(...|null|     ###|      ###|          0|WriteSerializable|        false|[numTotalRows -> ...|
|      0|2019-07-29 14:01:40|   ###|     ###|    WRITE|[mode -> ErrorIfE...|null|     ###|      ###|       null|WriteSerializable|         true|[numFiles -> 2, n...|
+-------+-------------------+------+--------+---------+--------------------+----+--------+---------+-----------+-----------------+-------------+--------------------+

Note

• Operation metrics are available only when the history command and the operation in the history were run using Databricks Runtime 6.5 or above.
• A few of the other columns are not available if you write into a Delta table using the following methods:
  • JDBC or ODBC
  • JAR job
  • spark-submit job
  • Run a command using the REST API
• Columns added in the future will always be added after the last column.

Operation metrics keys

The history operation returns a collection of operations metrics in the operationMetrics column map.

The following tables list the map key definitions by operation.

Operation	Metric name	Description
WRITE, CREATE TABLE AS SELECT, REPLACE TABLE AS SELECT, COPY INTO
	numFiles	Number of files written.
	numOutputBytes	Size in bytes of the written contents.
	numOutputRows	Number of rows written.
STREAMING UPDATE
	numAddedFiles	Number of files added.
	numRemovedFiles	Number of files removed.
	numOutputRows	Number of rows written.
	numOutputBytes	Size of write in bytes.
DELETE
	numAddedFiles	Number of files added. Not provided when partitions of the table are deleted.
	numRemovedFiles	Number of files removed.
	numDeletedRows	Number of rows removed. Not provided when partitions of the table are deleted.
	numCopiedRows	Number of rows copied in the process of deleting files.
	executionTimeMs	Time taken to execute the entire operation.
	scanTimeMs	Time taken to scan the files for matches.
	rewriteTimeMs	Time taken to rewrite the matched files.
TRUNCATE
	numRemovedFiles	Number of files removed.
	executionTimeMs	Time taken to execute the entire operation.
MERGE
	numSourceRows	Number of rows in the source DataFrame.
	numTargetRowsInserted	Number of rows inserted into the target table.
	numTargetRowsUpdated	Number of rows updated in the target table.
	numTargetRowsDeleted	Number of rows deleted in the target table.
	numTargetRowsCopied	Number of target rows copied.
	numOutputRows	Total number of rows written out.
	numTargetFilesAdded	Number of files added to the sink(target).
	numTargetFilesRemoved	Number of files removed from the sink(target).
	executionTimeMs	Time taken to execute the entire operation.
	scanTimeMs	Time taken to scan the files for matches.
	rewriteTimeMs	Time taken to rewrite the matched files.
UPDATE
	numAddedFiles	Number of files added.
	numRemovedFiles	Number of files removed.
	numUpdatedRows	Number of rows updated.
	numCopiedRows	Number of rows just copied over in the process of updating files.
	executionTimeMs	Time taken to execute the entire operation.
	scanTimeMs	Time taken to scan the files for matches.
	rewriteTimeMs	Time taken to rewrite the matched files.
FSCK	numRemovedFiles	Number of files removed.
CONVERT	numConvertedFiles	Number of Parquet files that have been converted.

Operation	Metric name	Description
CLONE (1)
	sourceTableSize	Size in bytes of the source table at the version that’s cloned.
	sourceNumOfFiles	Number of files in the source table at the version that’s cloned.
	numRemovedFiles	Number of files removed from the target table if a previous Delta table was replaced.
	removedFilesSize	Total size in bytes of the files removed from the target table if a previous Delta table was replaced.
	numCopiedFiles	Number of files that were copied over to the new location. 0 for shallow clones.
	copiedFilesSize	Total size in bytes of the files that were copied over to the new location. 0 for shallow clones.
RESTORE (2)
	tableSizeAfterRestore	Table size in bytes after restore.
	numOfFilesAfterRestore	Number of files in the table after restore.
	numRemovedFiles	Number of files removed by the restore operation.
	numRestoredFiles	Number of files that were added as a result of the restore.
	removedFilesSize	Size in bytes of files removed by the restore.
	restoredFilesSize	Size in bytes of files added by the restore.
OPTIMIZE
	numAddedFiles	Number of files added.
	numRemovedFiles	Number of files optimized.
	numAddedBytes	Number of bytes added after the table was optimized.
	numRemovedBytes	Number of bytes removed.
	minFileSize	Size of the smallest file after the table was optimized.
	p25FileSize	Size of the 25th percentile file after the table was optimized.
	p50FileSize	Median file size after the table was optimized.
	p75FileSize	Size of the 75th percentile file after the table was optimized.
	maxFileSize	Size of the largest file after the table was optimized.
VACUUM (3)
	numDeletedFiles	Number of deleted files.
	numVacuumedDirectories	Number of vacuumed directories.
	numFilesToDelete	Number of files to delete.

(1) Requires Databricks Runtime 7.3 LTS or above.

(2) Requires Databricks Runtime 7.4 or above.

(3) Requires Databricks Runtime 8.2 or above.

Retrieve Delta table details

You can retrieve detailed information about a Delta table (for example, number of files, data size) using DESCRIBE DETAIL.

DESCRIBE DETAIL '/data/events/'

DESCRIBE DETAIL eventsTable

For Spark SQL syntax details, see

• Databricks Runtime 7.x and above: DESCRIBE DETAIL
• Databricks Runtime 5.5 LTS and 6.x: _

Detail schema

The output of this operation has only one row with the following schema.

Column	Type	Description
format	string	Format of the table, that is, delta.
id	string	Unique ID of the table.
name	string	Name of the table as defined in the metastore.
description	string	Description of the table.
location	string	Location of the table.
createdAt	timestamp	When the table was created.
lastModified	timestamp	When the table was last modified.
partitionColumns	array of strings	Names of the partition columns if the table is partitioned.
numFiles	long	Number of the files in the latest version of the table.
sizeInBytes	int	The size of the latest snapshot of the table in bytes.
properties	string-string map	All the properties set for this table.
minReaderVersion	int	Minimum version of readers (according to the log protocol) that can read the table.
minWriterVersion	int	Minimum version of writers (according to the log protocol) that can write to the table.

+------+--------------------+------------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------------+-------------------+----------------+--------+-----------+----------+----------------+----------------+
|format|                  id|              name|description|            location|           createdAt|       lastModified|partitionColumns|numFiles|sizeInBytes|properties|minReaderVersion|minWriterVersion|
+------+--------------------+------------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------------+-------------------+----------------+--------+-----------+----------+----------------+----------------+
| delta|d31f82d2-a69f-42e...|default.deltatable|       null|file:/Users/tuor/...|2020-06-05 12:20:...|2020-06-05 12:20:20|              []|      10|      12345|        []|               1|               2|
+------+--------------------+------------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------------+-------------------+----------------+--------+-----------+----------+----------------+----------------+

Generate a manifest file

You can generate a manifest file for a Delta table that can be used by other processing engines (that is, other than Apache Spark) to read the Delta table. For example, to generate a manifest file that can be used by <PrestoAnd> to read a Delta table, you run the following:

GENERATE symlink_format_manifest FOR TABLE delta.`/mnt/events`

GENERATE symlink_format_manifest FOR TABLE eventsTable

Note

The Python API is available in Databricks Runtime 6.3 and above.

deltaTable = DeltaTable.forPath(<path-to-delta-table>)
deltaTable.generate("symlink_format_manifest")

Note

The Scala API is available in Databricks Runtime 6.3 and above.

val deltaTable = DeltaTable.forPath(<path-to-delta-table>)
deltaTable.generate("symlink_format_manifest")

Note

The Java API is available in Databricks Runtime 6.3 and above.

DeltaTable deltaTable = DeltaTable.forPath(<path-to-delta-table>);
deltaTable.generate("symlink_format_manifest");

Convert a Parquet table to a Delta table

Convert a Parquet table to a Delta table in-place. This command lists all the files in the directory, creates a Delta Lake transaction log that tracks these files, and automatically infers the data schema by reading the footers of all Parquet files. If your data is partitioned, you must specify the schema of the partition columns as a DDL-formatted string (that is, <column-name1> <type>, <column-name2> <type>, ...).

Note

If a Parquet table was created by Structured Streaming, the listing of files can be avoided by using the _spark_metadata sub-directory as the source of truth for files contained in the table setting the SQL configuration spark.databricks.delta.convert.useMetadataLog to true.

-- Convert unpartitioned Parquet table at path '<path-to-table>'
CONVERT TO DELTA parquet.`<path-to-table>`

-- Convert partitioned Parquet table at path '<path-to-table>' and partitioned by integer columns named 'part' and 'part2'
CONVERT TO DELTA parquet.`<path-to-table>` PARTITIONED BY (part int, part2 int)

For syntax details, see

• Databricks Runtime 7.x and above: CONVERT TO DELTA (Delta Lake on Databricks)
• Databricks Runtime 5.5 LTS and 6.x: _

Note

The Python API is available in Databricks Runtime 6.1 and above.

from delta.tables import *

# Convert unpartitioned Parquet table at path '<path-to-table>'
deltaTable = DeltaTable.convertToDelta(spark, "parquet.`<path-to-table>`")

# Convert partitioned parquet table at path '<path-to-table>' and partitioned by integer column named 'part'
partitionedDeltaTable = DeltaTable.convertToDelta(spark, "parquet.`<path-to-table>`", "part int")

Note

The Scala API is available in Databricks Runtime 6.0 and above.

import io.delta.tables._

// Convert unpartitioned Parquet table at path '<path-to-table>'
val deltaTable = DeltaTable.convertToDelta(spark, "parquet.`<path-to-table>`")

// Convert partitioned Parquet table at path '<path-to-table>' and partitioned by integer columns named 'part' and 'part2'
val partitionedDeltaTable = DeltaTable.convertToDelta(spark, "parquet.`<path-to-table>`", "part int, part2 int")

Note

The Scala API is available in Databricks Runtime 6.0 and above.

import io.delta.tables.*;

// Convert unpartitioned Parquet table at path '<path-to-table>'
DeltaTable deltaTable = DeltaTable.convertToDelta(spark, "parquet.`<path-to-table>`");

// Convert partitioned Parquet table at path '<path-to-table>' and partitioned by integer columns named 'part' and 'part2'
DeltaTable deltaTable = DeltaTable.convertToDelta(spark, "parquet.`<path-to-table>`", "part int, part2 int");

Note

Any file not tracked by Delta Lake is invisible and can be deleted when you run vacuum. You should avoid updating or appending data files during the conversion process. After the table is converted, make sure all writes go through Delta Lake.

Convert a Delta table to a Parquet table

You can easily convert a Delta table back to a Parquet table using the following steps:

1. If you have performed Delta Lake operations that can change the data files (for example, delete or merge), run vacuum with retention of 0 hours to delete all data files that do not belong to the latest version of the table.
2. Delete the _delta_log directory in the table directory.

Restore a Delta table to an earlier state

Note

Available in Databricks Runtime 7.4 and above.

You can restore a Delta table to its earlier state by using the RESTORE command. A Delta table internally maintains historic versions of the table that enable it to be restored to an earlier state. A version corresponding to the earlier state or a timestamp of when the earlier state was created are supported as options by the RESTORE command.

Important

• You can restore an already restored table and cloned tables.
• Restoring a table to an older version where the data files were deleted manually or by vacuum will fail. Restoring to this version partially is still possible if spark.sql.files.ignoreMissingFiles is set to true.
• The timestamp format for restoring to an earlier state is yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss. Providing only a date(yyyy-MM-dd) string is also supported.

RESTORE TABLE db.target_table TO VERSION AS OF <version>
RESTORE TABLE delta.`/data/target/` TO TIMESTAMP AS OF <timestamp>

from delta.tables import *

deltaTable = DeltaTable.forPath(spark, <path-to-table>)  # path-based tables, or
deltaTable = DeltaTable.forName(spark, <table-name>)    # Hive metastore-based tables

deltaTable.restoreToVersion(0) # restore table to oldest version

deltaTable.restoreToTimestamp('2019-02-14') # restore to a specific timestamp

import io.delta.tables._

val deltaTable = DeltaTable.forPath(spark, <path-to-table>)
val deltaTable = DeltaTable.forName(spark, <table-name>)

deltaTable.restoreToVersion(0) // restore table to oldest version

deltaTable.restoreToTimestamp("2019-02-14") // restore to a specific timestamp

import io.delta.tables.*;

DeltaTable deltaTable = DeltaTable.forPath(spark, <path-to-table>);
DeltaTable deltaTable = DeltaTable.forName(spark, <table-name>);

deltaTable.restoreToVersion(0) // restore table to oldest version

deltaTable.restoreToTimestamp("2019-02-14") // restore to a specific timestamp

For syntax details, see RESTORE (Delta Lake on Databricks).

Restore metrics

Note

Available in Databricks Runtime 8.2 and above.

RESTORE reports the following metrics as a single row DataFrame once the operation is complete:

• table_size_after_restore: The size of the table after restoring.
• num_of_files_after_restore: The number of files in the table after restoring.
• num_removed_files: Number of files removed (logically deleted) from the table.
• num_restored_files: Number of files restored due to rolling back.
• removed_files_size: Total size in bytes of the files that are removed from the table.
• restored_files_size: Total size in bytes of the files that are restored.

Table access control

You must have MODIFY permission on the table being restored.

Clone a Delta table

Note

Available in Databricks Runtime 7.1 and above.

You can create a copy of an existing Delta table at a specific version using the clone command. Clones can be either deep or shallow.

Clone types

• A deep clone is a clone that copies the source table data to the clone target in addition to the metadata of the existing table. Additionally, stream metadata is also cloned such that a stream that writes to the Delta table can be stopped on a source table and continued on the target of a clone from where it left off.
• A shallow clone is a clone that does not copy the data files to the clone target. The table metadata is equivalent to the source. These clones are cheaper to create.

Any changes made to either deep or shallow clones affect only the clones themselves and not the source table.

The metadata that is cloned includes: schema, partitioning information, invariants, nullability. For deep clones only, stream and COPY INTO (Delta Lake on Databricks) metadata are also cloned. Metadata not cloned are the table description and user-defined commit metadata.

Important

• Shallow clones reference data files in the source directory. If you run vacuum on the source table clients will no longer be able to read the referenced data files and a FileNotFoundException will be thrown. In this case, running clone with replace over the shallow clone will repair the clone. If this occurs often, consider using a deep clone instead which does not depend on the source table.
• Deep clones do not depend on the source from which they were cloned, but are expensive to create because a deep clone copies the data as well as the metadata.
• Cloning with replace to a target that already has a table at that path creates a Delta log if one does not exist at that path. You can clean up any existing data by running vacuum. If the existing table is a Delta table, a new commit is created on the existing Delta table that includes the new metadata and new data from the source table.
• Cloning a table is not the same as Create Table As Select or CTAS. A clone copies the metadata of the source table in addition to the data. Cloning also has simpler syntax: you don’t need to specify partitioning, format, invariants, nullability and so on as they are taken from the source table.
• A cloned table has an independent history from its source table. Time travel queries on a cloned table will not work with the same inputs as they work on its source table.

 CREATE TABLE delta.`/data/target/` CLONE delta.`/data/source/` -- Create a deep clone of /data/source at /data/target

 CREATE OR REPLACE TABLE db.target_table CLONE db.source_table -- Replace the target

 CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS TABLE delta.`/data/target/` CLONE db.source_table -- No-op if the target table exists

 CREATE TABLE db.target_table SHALLOW CLONE delta.`/data/source`

 CREATE TABLE db.target_table SHALLOW CLONE delta.`/data/source` VERSION AS OF version

 CREATE TABLE db.target_table SHALLOW CLONE delta.`/data/source` TIMESTAMP AS OF timestamp_expression -- timestamp can be like “2019-01-01” or like date_sub(current_date(), 1)

 from delta.tables import *

 deltaTable = DeltaTable.forPath(spark, pathToTable)  # path-based tables, or
 deltaTable = DeltaTable.forName(spark, tableName)    # Hive metastore-based tables

 deltaTable.clone(target, isShallow, replace) # clone the source at latest version

 deltaTable.cloneAtVersion(version, target, isShallow, replace) # clone the source at a specific version

# clone the source at a specific timestamp such as timestamp=“2019-01-01”
 deltaTable.cloneAtTimestamp(timestamp, target, isShallow, replace)

 import io.delta.tables._

 val deltaTable = DeltaTable.forPath(spark, pathToTable)
 val deltaTable = DeltaTable.forName(spark, tableName)

 deltaTable.clone(target, isShallow, replace) // clone the source at latest version

 deltaTable.cloneAtVersion(version, target, isShallow, replace) // clone the source at a specific version

 deltaTable.cloneAtTimestamp(timestamp, target, isShallow, replace) // clone the source at a specific timestamp

 import io.delta.tables.*;

 DeltaTable deltaTable = DeltaTable.forPath(spark, pathToTable);
 DeltaTable deltaTable = DeltaTable.forName(spark, tableName);

 deltaTable.clone(target, isShallow, replace) // clone the source at latest version

 deltaTable.cloneAtVersion(version, target, isShallow, replace) // clone the source at a specific version

 deltaTable.cloneAtTimestamp(timestamp, target, isShallow, replace) // clone the source at a specific timestamp

For syntax details, see CLONE (Delta Lake on Databricks).

Clone metrics

Note

Available in Databricks Runtime 8.2 and above.

CLONE reports the following metrics as a single row DataFrame once the operation is complete:

• source_table_size: Size of the source table that’s being cloned in bytes.
• source_num_of_files: The number of files in the source table.
• num_removed_files: If the table is being replaced, how many files are removed from the current table.
• num_copied_files: Number of files that were copied from the source (0 for shallow clones).
• removed_files_size: Size in bytes of the files that are being removed from the current table.
• copied_files_size: Size in bytes of the files copied to the table.

Permissions

You must configure permissions for Databricks table access control and your cloud provider.

Table access control

The following permissions are required for both deep and shallow clones:

• SELECT permission on the source table.
• If you are using CLONE to create a new table, CREATE permission on the database in which you are creating the table.
• If you are using CLONE to replace a table, you must have MODIFY permission on the table.

Cloud provider permissions

If you have created a deep clone, any user that reads the deep clone must have read access to the clone’s directory. To make changes to the clone, users must have write access to the clone’s directory.

If you have created a shallow clone, any user that reads the shallow clone needs permission to read the files in the original table, since the data files remain in the source table with shallow clones, as well as the clone’s directory. To make changes to the clone, users will need write access to the clone’s directory.

Clone use cases

Data archiving

Data may need to be kept for longer than is feasible with time travel or for disaster recovery. In these cases, you can create a deep clone to preserve the state of a table at a certain point in time for archival. Incremental archiving is also possible to keep a continually updating state of a source table for disaster recovery.

-- Every month run
CREATE OR REPLACE TABLE delta.`/some/archive/path` CLONE my_prod_table

Machine learning flow reproduction

When doing machine learning, you may want to archive a certain version of a table on which you trained an ML model. Future models can be tested using this archived data set.

-- Trained model on version 15 of Delta table
CREATE TABLE delta.`/model/dataset` CLONE entire_dataset VERSION AS OF 15

Short-term experiments on a production table

To test a workflow on a production table without corrupting the table, you can easily create a shallow clone. This allows you to run arbitrary workflows on the cloned table that contains all the production data but does not affect any production workloads.

-- Perform shallow clone
CREATE OR REPLACE TABLE my_test SHALLOW CLONE my_prod_table;

UPDATE my_test WHERE user_id is null SET invalid=true;
-- Run a bunch of validations. Once happy:

-- This should leverage the update information in the clone to prune to only
-- changed files in the clone if possible
MERGE INTO my_prod_table
USING my_test
ON my_test.user_id <=> my_prod_table.user_id
WHEN MATCHED AND my_test.user_id is null THEN UPDATE *;

DROP TABLE my_test;

Data sharing

Other business units within a single organization may want to access the same data but may not require the latest updates. Instead of giving access to the source table directly, you can provide clones with different permissions for different business units. The performance of the clone can exceed that of a simple view.

-- Perform deep clone
CREATE OR REPLACE TABLE shared_table CLONE my_prod_table;

-- Grant other users access to the shared table
GRANT SELECT ON shared_table TO `<user-name>@<user-domain>.com`;

Table property overrides

Table property overrides are particularly useful for:

• Annotating tables with owner or user information when sharing data with different business units.

• Archiving Delta tables and time travel is required. You can specify the log retention period independently for the archive table. For example:

  CREATE OR REPLACE TABLE archive.my_table CLONE prod.my_table
  TBLPROPERTIES (
    delta.logRetentionDuration = '3650 days',
    delta.deletedFileRetentionDuration = '3650 days'
  )
  LOCATION 'xx://archive/my_table'
  

  dt = DeltaTable.forName(spark, "prod.my_table")
  tblProps = {
    "delta.logRetentionDuration": "3650 days",
    "delta.deletedFileRetentionDuration": "3650 days"
  }
  dt.clone('xx://archive/my_table', isShallow=False, replace=True, tblProps)
  

  val dt = DeltaTable.forName(spark, "prod.my_table")
  val tblProps = Map(
    "delta.logRetentionDuration" -> "3650 days",
    "delta.deletedFileRetentionDuration" -> "3650 days"
  )
  dt.clone("xx://archive/my_table", isShallow = false, replace = true, properties = tblProps)
  

Find the last commit’s version in the Spark session

Note

Available in Databricks Runtime 7.1 and above.

To get the version number of the last commit written by the current SparkSession across all threads and all tables, query the SQL configuration spark.databricks.delta.lastCommitVersionInSession.

SET spark.databricks.delta.lastCommitVersionInSession

spark.conf.get("spark.databricks.delta.lastCommitVersionInSession")

spark.conf.get("spark.databricks.delta.lastCommitVersionInSession")

If no commits have been made by the SparkSession, querying the key returns an empty value.

Note

If you share the same SparkSession across multiple threads, it’s similar to sharing a variable across multiple threads; you may hit race conditions as the configuration value is updated concurrently.